Pinyin Pronunciation Guide

Tones---Syllables in Mandarin Chinese have four tones which affect the meaning of words， so they are very important.

1stTone(hight level)	spoken hight and neither rises or falls
2ndTone(rising)	starts low and ends hight (like English “huh”)
3rdTone(falling-rising)	dips down and then rise
4thTone(falling)	starts hight andends low(like English”No!”)

 

Consonants and Vowels----A lot of pinyin letters are pronunced almost the same astney are in English， with the following exceptions:

i - Like “ee” in “bee”(after c， s， z， ch， sh， zh，r-like “e”       in “her”)
o - Like “aw”in “saw”	ou - like “ou”in “soul”
ian - like “yen”	ui - like “way”
ei - Like “ay”in “way”	c - like “ts”in “nuts”
q - Like “ch”in “cheap”	x - Like “sh”in “sheep”
z - like “ds”in “libs”	zh - Like “j”in “jug”
g - always like “g”in “ give”	r - like “r”with your tongue rolled  back

Useful Phrases

你好。	ni3 hao3	Hello
谢谢。	xie4 xie	Thank you
不客气。	bu2 ke4 qi	You’re welcome
…在哪里？	zai4 na3 li?	Where is…
我想…	wo3 xiang3	I’d like…
我不懂。	wo3 bu4 dong3	I don’t understand
多少钱？	duo1 shao3 qian2 ?	How much is it?
厕所在哪里？	ce4 suo3 zai4 na3 li ?	Where are the toilets?
男/女	nan2/nv3	men/women
请帮助我。	qing3 bang1 zhu4 wo3	Please， help me.
买单。	mai3 dan1	Bring me the bill.
请问…	qing3 wen4	Excuse me…
你会说英语吗？	ni3 hui4 shuo1 ying1 yu3ma?	Do you speak English?
请送我去…	qing3 song4 wo3 qu4	Please take me to…
前门/后门	qian2 men2/hou4 men2	front gate/back gate
往左/右拐	wang3 zuo3/you4 guai3	Turn left/right
停下来	ting2 xia4 lai2	Stop(the taxi)
再见！	Zai4 jian4	Good bye!

 source: http://sie.gxmu.edu.cn/file/201106/3012194896.html

從來沒有「差不多先生」會有成就

能夠有成就的，只會是那些對自己、對人和對事，皆要求極高的人，成功的管理者，都懂得分辨是非曲直，做事一絲不苟，從來沒有「差不多先生」會有成就。

Those people who can make great achievements, usually pursue perfectionism in themselves, other people and things. 


讀報，看到如上的話語，引用來分享。

  

What percentage of your salary do you spend on housing?

在香港這個寸土寸金的地方，如果沒有自己的物業，就要租樓住，你會用工資的百分之多少來租樓呢？ Spent less than 20% or more than 50% on rental? 

昨天和學生談及此問題，才知她的大部分薪水都是用來付房租。她是一位很有魅力的外籍專業人士，二十多歲，SOHO區，一個人住；而租金佔據了工資的大部分，大過60%。為什麼花這麼多錢租房子呢？她說，因為在香港認識的朋友不多，住在SOHO區，有一種熟悉的感覺，因為年輕沒有家庭負擔，價錢貴些就只能把大部分薪水放在租房上了。

想起以前一個朋友，要租樓住，預算不多但想在港島區地鐵沿線租單人套房，看了很多都不合心意。為何不與人合租呢？她說，已經不是十八二十的年級，下了班，希望一個人清靜些，每天工作已經很辛苦了，日圖三餐夜圖一宿，夜晚希望有一個溫暖舒適方便的地方休息。

而我自己，上一次租樓住的租金是收入的20% 左右...

How do western men view Chinese women

One of my Mandarin students raised this interesting topic to me last week, and I talked with my Mandarin students about it.

From an article at  http://news.xinhuanet.com/overseas/2012-09/13/c_123705024.htm


外国男人对中国女人的正面评价是：1、中国女人注重家庭，看重夫妻感情，具有尊老爱幼的传统美德。2、体贴家人，任劳任怨，贤淑顺从，把家庭当作精神的全部。3、吃苦勤劳、意志坚韧，对朋友认真负责，厨艺极佳。

外国男人对中国女人的负面评价是：1、中国女子开放、大胆，为功利不惜一切。2、向往西方社会，虚荣心重、金钱占有欲极强。3、过分依赖家庭，贪图享受，不够浪漫，性生活压抑。



Positive comments:
1. Chinese women focus on their families and values marital relations. They have traditional virtues such as respecting the old and caring the young.
2.  Family considerate, hard working, virtuous obedience.
3.  Hardship industrious, will, tenacity, responsible to friends, excellent cooking skills.

Negative comments:
1. Chinese women are open, bold, utilitarian.
2. Yearning for Western society, vanity.
3. Over-reliance on the family, hedonism, not romantic enough, repressed sex life.

Basic knowledge about Hong Kong

Four pillar industries:
-financial services金融服務
-trading and logistics  貿易及物流
-tourism旅遊
-producer and professional services 工商業支援及專業服務

Six new industries

- medical service 「醫療服務」
- education 「教育服務」
- innovation and technology 「科技創新」
- cultural and creative industries 「文化創意」
- test and certification  「檢測認證」
- environmental service 「環保產業」


Poverty in Hong Kong
Classification of population living in poverty

-在職貧窮勞工 Working Poor 

-老人 Elderly

-兒童 Children

-新移民婦女 New Immigrant Women

貧窮成因 Causes of the Poverty
- 經濟轉型、工業北移，高技術工業發展，低技術職位流失 
   economic transformation but lack of related policy to combat it
- 政府未因應經濟轉型作出人力規劃 
   lack of comprehensive manpower planning for economic change
- 公私營企業過分着重削減成本，傾向於僱用短期或兼職工人 
  many short-term and part-time jobs appeared in the market
- 政府服務外判，加上監管不足，以致不合理低薪情況 
   contract-out of low-wage governmental services
- 弱勢社羣(例如新移民及少數族裔人士)未享有平等機會
   lack of equal opportunities to marginalized groups
- 偏遠地區交通費高昂 
   high transportation cost for distant district

Enhancing Land Supply Strategy

Public’s aspiration to improve the living environment by 大眾對改善生活環境的期望，包括:

• lowering building density 降低建築密度

• having more open space 增加活動空間

• conserving the natural environment 保護自然環境

• preserving culture and heritage 保存文化和文物

Six  existing land supply options: 6 種現有土地供應模式:

1. Redevelopment  重建

2. Rezoning Land  更改土地用途

3. Land Resumption  收地

4. Reclamation   填海

5. Rock Cavern Development  發展岩洞

6. Reuse of ex-quarry sites  利用前石礦場

To have a more flexible and resilient mix of land supply options

務求有一個更靈活及具彈性的土地供應模式組合

Benefits of Rock Cavern Development 發展岩洞的好處:
• Release valuable land for development 釋出有價值的地上土地資源作發展
• Relocate "Not-in-my-Backyard" facilities into cavern, minimize adverse impacts on the community and environment. 把厭惡性設施遷入岩洞，減低對社區及環境的影響
• Rock excavated from caverns is usually in high quality and can be used as construction materials after processing such as aggregates for concrete.從岩洞挖出的岩石一般是高質量，經加工處理後適合作為建築材料，例如混凝土碎石材料。

five sources of gov revenue

- profit tax
- land premium
- salary tax
- stamp duty
- investment returns on fiscal reserves

-offer a one-off reduction of profits tax

-waive business registration fee

-halve charges for import/export declarations

-abolish capital duty levied on local companies

A PhD is not engouth.

http://hep.tsinghua.edu.cn/training/courses/gauge.html/advise/A%20PhD%20is%20not%20enough.pdf

Chinese culture

My Mandarin student shows a great interest in Chinese culture and in the coming several weeks, we will talk about the following topics:

• the second generation rich, or types of young people
• attitudes to education in China    style of education in China (rote learning vs. problem solving)
• attitudes to women & family in China
• attitudes to beauty in China
• attitudes to travel or different countries outside China
• attitudes to work and professions 
• attitudes to fashion
• attitudes to modernity vs tradition 
• attitudes to acting as an individual vs fitting in with a group

何谓小资

I talked about "小資" with Mandarin learner Eva last week. She is British, but has worked and lived in Mainland and HK for more than 1 year.  To better understand 小資, I find the following article.

（选自《英语世界》2012年第2期）

China’s new crop of hedonists indulge themselves, whether or not they can afford it. 

不管能否负担得起，中国的新一茬享乐主义族群都在纵情享乐。

 

文/谢泼德·劳克林  译/王珏 李晓丹  审订/王军   By Shepherd Laughlin

*Ma Nuo¹, a contestant on a Jiangsu dating show, became infamous last year for declaring that she’d “rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle.” Outraged netizens took her comments as fresh evidence that China’s new rich had sacrificed inner fulfillment for the fleeting pleasures of material wealth. But, in fact, many upwardly mobile Chinese fall somewhere in the middle, chasing personal fulfillment and consumer gratification with equal abandon.
去年，江苏的一档相亲节目的选手马诺宣称，她“宁可在宝马里哭，也不在自行车上笑”，因此臭名昭著。愤怒的网民将她的话作为新证据，证明中国的新富为了追求稍纵即逝的物质财富而放弃精神追求。但事实上，许多向上登攀的中国人介乎中间，对于自我实现和消费满足同样纵情追逐。
[2] The so-called Xiaozi are a distinctly Chinese urban tribe that occupies a space somewhere between the yuppies² and hipsters³ familiar to Westerners. A short list of Xiaozi accoutrements includes coffee, *Haruki Murakami’s “Norwegian Wood,”⁴ French cuisine, the Houhai neighborhood in Beijing, European films, Apple computers, the city of Shanghai and Adidas—though a real Xiaozi would never admit to their addictions so bluntly.
〔2〕所谓的小资显然是中国都市一族，介于西方人熟悉的雅皮士和嬉皮士之间。咖啡、村上春树的《挪威的森林》、法国美食、北京后海一带、欧洲电影、苹果电脑、城市上海和阿迪达斯——均属小资必备，尽管真正的小资从来不会如此直率地承认他们对这些有瘾。
[3] Sipping latté in a Chaoyang Starbucks, Beijing native Wei Yuan explained the Xiaozi ideal to me as it applied to her 33-year-old friend: “Her life is so Xiaozi. She’s single, her house is full of art and she travels abroad to buy foreign things.” At the next table, a group of three men in their 30s gathered around an iPad for a meeting, but each tapped furiously on their own iPhone 4. Wei told me her friend worked in public relations—a very Xiaozi profession. “Sometimes she says, ‘no, I’m not a Xiaozi,’ but it’s precisely her lifestyle, I think.”
〔3〕在朝阳区的一家星巴克，北京人魏媛（音译）一边喝着拿铁咖啡，一边向我解释小资理想，还说这适用于她一位33岁的朋友：“她的生活就是这么的小资：单身，房子里摆满了艺术品，还到国外买洋货。”在旁边的桌子，三个30多岁的男子围着一台iPad开会，但每个人都在急速地敲着自己的iPhone 4。魏媛告诉我说，她那位朋友干公关——一种非常小资的职业。“有时候她说，‘不，我不是小资’，但我想，她的生活方式就是很小资。”
[4] What makes these Xiaozi different from China’s rising middle class? According to Helen Wang, who interviewed members of both groups for her book The Chinese Dream, many Chinese “associate the middle class with houses and cars, and Xiaozi with candlelight dinners and a glass of wine.” Xiaozi, it seems, like to spend money on high-sensation experiences like travel and fine meals. They may also indulge their penchants for sleek consumer gadgets⁵ and well-crafted fashion accessories. One person told me that the typical Xiaozi salary is anywhere from 5,000–20,000 RMB a month, but that living the Xiaozi life is more about attitude than earning power.
〔4〕是什么使得这些小资不同于中国的新兴中产阶级呢？据王海伦所说，为了写《中国梦》，她采访了这两种群体中的一些人，她说，许多中国人都“把中产阶级与房子和汽车联系在一起，把小资与烛光晚餐和葡萄酒联系在一起”。看来，小资喜欢将钱花在富于感官刺激的体验上，像旅行和美食。他们或许还沉迷于时髦的电子消费装置和设计精美的时尚配饰。有人告诉我说，典型的小资月薪在5000-20000元人民币之间，但是，过小资的生活是一种生活态度，而不是挣多少钱的本事。
[5] In a society where memories of scarcity are none too distant, Xiaozi live for the present. Many Chinese people see home ownership as the mark of an eligible bachelor, but Xiaozi regard such notions with disdain. As real estate prices skyrocket, they prefer to rent and spend any extra cash on escapes to Yunnan or foreign-language novels and DVDs. Such choices may be individually fulfilling, but the “*live it up⁶” mentality of the Xiaozi provokes concern from older relatives, who worried about the next generation’s financial future. “Young people think they’re living in the moment,” said Zhuang Shi, a lifestyle editor in Beijing, “but in older people’s point of view, they are wasting their time and life, because if they’re living in the moment, it means they have no plan for the future.”
〔5〕在当今社会，人们对物质匮乏的记忆犹新，但小资们却只为当下而活。许多中国人都把有房子看成是黄金单身汉的标准，但小资蔑视这种观念。由于房地产价格扶摇直上，他们宁愿租房子，将富余的钱花在到云南旅游或外语小说和DVD上。这样的选择可能满足了个人的需求，但小资“今朝有酒今朝醉”的心态却让老辈人对下一代未来的经济基础有所担心。“年轻人认为自己是为眼前活着，”北京的生活时尚编辑庄施（音译）说，“但老辈人的观点是，他们在浪费自己的时间和生命，因为，活在当下意味着对未来没有规划。”
[6] Most people I spoke with thought that Xiaozi had a negative connotation, but some embrace the term. “Especially in Beijing, maybe 60 percent of people like being called this,” says Li Ran, a Beijing native who studies economics at Seoul National University. “To be called Xiaozi means they have money, but you know, over time so many people used that word in a bad way.” He turned to his friend, “Actually, she is Xiaozi!” The young woman next to him flinched. She was wearing a bright red, puffy coat and blushed as Li spoke approvingly of her white Honda. Asked what Xiaozi meant to her, she said in English, “Enjoy life!”
〔6〕跟我聊过的大多数人认为小资有贬义，但还是有些人愿意接受这个说法。“尤其是在北京，也许60%的人喜欢被称为小资。”在首尔国立大学学习经济学的北京人李然说，“被人叫小资意味着他们有钱，但是你知道，过去许多人将这个词用作贬义。”他转向他的朋友，“她其实就是小资！”他旁边的年轻女子有点不好意思。她穿着一件鲜红而蓬松的外衣，李称赞她的白色本田时，她脸红了。当问及小资对于她意味着什么时，她用英语说：“享受生活！”
[7] The term Xiaozi came into its current meaning in the 1990s as China’s growing economy permitted new heights of consumer indulgence. Its origins, however, go back to the days of staunch Communism: Xiaozi originally meant “petty bourgeoisie,” a term occupying a specific space in the Marxist theory of class.
〔7〕20世纪90年代，中国的经济增长使放纵消费浪潮达到新的高峰，小资一词有了现在的意义。然而，它的起源可以追溯到坚定的共产主义岁月：小资原意为“小资产阶级”，在马克思主义阶级理论中，该词有特定的含义。
[8] The petty bourgeoisie were city dwellers who may have been government functionaries, owners of small businesses, or intellectuals. Stuck somewhere in between the true capitalist oppressors and the workers, farmers and soldiers who formed the core of the revolution, their status shifted during the early decades of Chinese communism. “The petty bourgeois writers and artists constitute an important force…” said Mao Zedong in 1942 at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art. “There are many shortcomings in both their thinking and their works, but, comparatively speaking, they are inclined towards the revolution and are close to the working people.”
〔8〕小资产阶级是城市居民，他们可以是政府工作人员、小业主或知识分子。他们介于真正的资本主义压迫者和形成了革命核心力量的工农兵两者之间，在中国共产主义的最初几十年，他们的地位发生了变动。“小资产阶级文艺家在中国是一个重要的力量……”1942年毛泽东在延安文艺座谈会上说，“他们的思想和作品都有很多缺点，但是他们比较地倾向于革命，比较地接近于劳动人民。”
[9] Xiaozi today probably have different inclinations. “I think you should leave what Mao said behind,” said Shi, who usually goes by Aviva Shey, her English name. “I think what you want to know about Xiaozi is very different from what he meant.” True, Mao’s ideas about class were based on the way people earned their living, not on taste or lifestyle. But isn’t there some kind of important connection here? “Well, I choose not to see it,” she told me.
〔9〕当今的小资可能有不同的倾向。“我认为你应该把毛主席的话放在一边。” 庄施说，她通常用英文名字，叫阿维娃·谢伊。“我想你想知道的小资和他的意思有天壤之别。”的确，毛泽东关于阶级的思想是基于人们谋生的方式而不是他们的品味或生活方式。但是，其中没有某些重要关联吗？“嗯，我宁愿不去看破。”她告诉我。
[10] Watching well-heeled shoppers queue for *designer cupcakes⁷ in the shadow of a massive new *Comme des Garçons⁸ store in Beijing, it’s hard to imagine that a scant 40 years ago, a basic commodity like shampoo might have been denounced as a decadent bourgeois splurge. And yet, during the radical and paranoid days of the Cultural Revolution, any hint that someone gained spiritual or emotional fulfillment from material possessions was suspect.
〔10〕在高耸的Comme des Garçons北京店的阴影下，看着穿着讲究的消费者排队买精致纸杯蛋糕，很难想象，在40年前，像洗头膏这样的基本商品都可能被谴责为资产阶级的腐朽奢侈。更有甚者，在文革激进和偏执的日子里，如果有谁稍稍暗示出通过物质享受而追求精神或情感上的满足，都要受到怀疑。
[11] Today’s discussion in China about Xiaozi and their supposed flaws reminds me of nothing more than the debates about “hipsters” that circulated in New York City when I lived there. My former neighborhood was called the unofficial capital of hipster America. It’s a place where even the hardware store lends its window to installations9 by conceptual video artists. Residents are widely mocked for the high price tag of their “countercultural” lifestyle.
〔11〕今天在中国关于小资及其所谓缺陷的讨论，和我住在纽约时针对四处游荡的“嬉皮士”的辩论没什么两样。那时我住的街区被称为嬉皮士美国的非正式首都。在那个地方，连五金店都向概念视频艺术家出借窗口来展示其装置作品。这些居民“反文化”的高消费生活方式受到很多人的嘲笑。
[12] Is Xiaozi translatable? “Hipster” doesn’t quite work; Xiaozi aren’t particularly countercultural (except that they often pursue an interest in things that are considered “un-Chinese”). “Yuppie,” though dated, seems to be the most accurate English equivalent, but there’s an important difference: the typical yuppie can afford the expensive things he buys, while Xiaozi are criticized for spending beyond their means. In the end, it seems the concept of Xiaozi is specific to China and we’ll have to leave it at that.
〔12〕小资可以翻译吗？“嬉皮士”不大准；小资并不特别反文化（但他们的兴趣往往是追求那些被认为“非中国”的东西）。“雅皮士”尽管陈旧，却似乎是最恰当的英文对等词，但是有一个重要的区别：典型的雅皮士买得起他想买的昂贵东西，而小资却被批评为入不敷出。归根到底，小资的概念似乎是中国特有的，对此我们不用太强求。
[13] I asked Shi if she thought she was Xiaozi. “I’m not so blind as to chase material things—balance is key,” she said. Then, quickly, I, like last season’s hottest restaurant, lost her interest. She was off to other things, “Do you have enough material yet? I have to go wash my hair now.”
〔13〕我问庄施，她是否认为自己是小资。“我还没有盲目到追逐物质享受的程度——平衡是关键。”她说。然后，我就像上季度最火的餐馆一样，让她失去了兴趣。她起身要干别的事情了，“你挖够素材了吧？我得去洗头了。”
   

的得地

1. 的  

a)  Adj. + 的 + Noun                 (quality)       E.g.漂亮的姑娘 - beautiful girl,最好的朋友 (best friend)
b)  Pron. + 的 + Noun              (possession, ownership)  E.g.妈妈的书 - mom's book

2. 得

a) with the same pronunciation as 的 and is a particle that connects a verb with a "complement" (usually an adj)

E.g.我起得早 (I get up early: 起 the verb "to get up", 早 is the adj "early")

E.g.我汉语说得好 (I speak Chinese well, 说 verb "to speak" 好 adj "good/well")

b)  can be a verb, pronounced dei3, which means "to have to/must"

            E.g.我得去 (I must go)

3. 地        

adj.+ 地 +Verb (also "adverbial adjunct")

E.g. 我高兴地说 (I said happily 高兴 adj "happy", 说 verb "to speak")

E.g. 我小声地问 (I asked quietly 笑声 adj "quiet" 问 verb "to ask")

淺談幼兒的普通話教學 [轉載]

   　幼兒，由於年齡因素，認知的局限，他們的知識天地猶如一張白紙，對外界的一切事物都充滿好奇，他們的模仿能力和接受能力相對而言比較強，如果對幼兒的普通話輔導方法得當，定會收到事半功倍的效果，本人根據自己多年的教學經驗，就這一問題闡述如下：

　

　一、創設環境

　　模仿是幼兒學習的主要方式，幼兒學習語言、掌握語言是一個微妙而複雜的過程，幼稚園是幼兒學習口頭語言的重要場所，規範的語言和教師的正確引導可激發幼兒的學習興趣，所以，教師應給他們提供正確規範的模仿榜樣，用標準的普通話和幼兒說話，首先教師要規範自身語言，做到發言準確、詞彙豐富、確切，每句話都要符合語法規則。開始幼兒聽不懂老師講的話，這時就要用動作、手勢、表情來彌補，如：老師拿玩具讓小朋友們玩，玩過後放回原處，老師要一邊說，一邊操作，讓幼兒通過視覺和聽覺去感知語言，其次利用活動間隙和起床時間讓幼兒聽童話故事廣播，將標準的語言有意識或無意識地儲存在記憶裡，晚間活動讓幼兒觀看普通話畫片，利用幼兒喜愛色彩鮮豔、充滿童趣的故事，讓他們在看看聽聽的活動中，自然而然地接受語言，這樣幼兒就慢慢地感受到了普通話的語速、語調，為學習普通話做好了準備。

　　二、豐富詞彙

　　掌握豐富的詞彙，能為幼兒運用普通話表達意願打下基礎，在幼兒點滴的生活經驗中，可以利用一些實物或圖片等教具，認識一些簡單的動物、水果和蔬菜，使他們儘快感知並掌握，詞彙量會隨幼兒認識事物的增多而增多。如：在認識蘋果活動中，就能豐富詞彙一個紅紅的蘋果，甜甜地，我喜歡吃。除此以外，學習兒歌，聽講故事，也能使幼兒學到許多新詞。所以，隨機教育是幼兒積累詞語的有效途徑，日常生活中見到什麼，老師就及時教幼兒講什麼。這樣，幼兒就會學到許多詞語，最先開始是名詞，再逐漸到形容詞、動詞、量詞、人稱代詞等，這樣就能為幼兒運用普通話表情達意打下基礎。

　　三、能力培養

　　培養幼兒的口語表達能力方法多種多樣，可創設情景，激發幼兒口語表達的興趣，如聽故事、詩歌欣賞、看圖說話，重在語言教學中要情景化、氛圍化。大部分語言教學內容，如故事、兒歌、看圖說話，大都是敘事性的，具有不同的背景和人物情節。在教學過程中，除利用直觀教具外，還要通過創設情景來激發幼兒學習的興趣，使他們在情景中樂意展開簡單的對話練習。在多種特定的遊戲情景中，出於對各種角色的需要，幼兒相互間自然地要進行對話，老師可以用遊戲角色的口吻用普通話與幼兒進行交流，因勢利導，幼兒會不知不覺地學到許多詞彙和句子，用來表達自己的思想。在戶外活動時，隨時隨地的會發生許多意想不到的事，會看到一些新鮮事物，幼兒會感到好奇，會發問，會議論。老師就要抓住這一時機，教幼兒學習一些新的詞語和句子。如幼兒看到樹葉飄落這一情景，會立即議論起來，老師可及時引導幼兒說：“樹葉是從哪裡飄起來的呀?像什麼在飛呀?”幼兒可學會說：“樹葉從樹上飄落下來，像蝴蝶在飛。”同時還可以理解飄落的意思。再者，還可以利用一日活動中的各個環節來發展幼兒的語言表達能力，老師要抓住一日活動中的有利因素，綜合運用多種教學手段，積極創造條件，讓幼兒有較多的機會充分表現自己，寓教於玩，促使幼兒在活動中活躍起來，踴躍進行聽說、練習，同時還可以結合日常生活中的午睡前、排隊、遊戲等進行對話練習，教師要及時抓住時機，從多方面引導幼兒進行聽說練習，可結合每天的生活，讓幼兒說說看到和聽到的新鮮事，教師要有目的地提出一些幼兒感興趣的話題，引導幼兒討論，讓幼兒在看中玩，看中學，看看講講，既大開了眼界，又練習了說話，還可以利用外出參觀、遊園等活動開闊幼兒視野，讓幼兒更好地進行語言表達，輸入新的內容，學到更多的詞彙、語句。同時，還要多加強師生之間的雙向交流和幼兒之間的多項交流，使幼兒相互接受同伴傳遞的資訊，在交往中學習語言，以強帶弱，對於敢運用普通話表達的幼兒及時鼓勵，發現缺點及時糾正，如發現幼兒發音不正確，教師及時糾正引導，對於錯誤的發音，教師不要重複說，不要無意識地給予強化，以免引起錯誤的模仿，又如發現幼兒說話不符合語法規則時，不能因“有趣”而重複他們的話，平時多鼓勵幼兒大膽地說話，並及時給予肯定、表揚，培養幼兒的信心，幼兒才能進步得快。總的來說，幼兒的語言學習過程是一個很有意義的研究課題，在平時的語言教學中，我們不能忽視對幼兒認知能力的培養，給幼兒創造一個自由、寬鬆的語言交往環境，鼓勵幼兒用標準的語言與人交談，句子完整，發音準確，講話禮貌，用心傾聽對方講話，能理解日常用語。同時，幼兒語言的發展與其感情、經驗、思維、社會交往等其他方面的發展密切相關，發展幼兒語言的重要途徑是通過互相滲透的各個領域的教育，在豐富多彩的活動中去擴展幼兒的說話訓練，提供促進幼兒語言發展的條件，教師與幼兒的個別交流，幼兒之間的自由交談等，對幼兒的語言發展具有特殊意義，教師對於有語言障礙的幼兒要給予特別關照，要與家長和有關方面密切配合，積極説明他們提高語言表達能力。在幼兒語言快速發展時期，為他們創造更多的、良好的語言環境，提高其口語表達能力，是幼稚教育的一項重要內容。要使幼兒說好普通話，不要忽視了與家長的配合，要求家長在家裡也要營造一個說普通話的氛圍，不要出現課堂與課外、校內與校外的脫節，不然就會事倍功半，得不償失。

　　總體來說，教育幼兒說好普通話不是一朝一夕的事，需要我們長期堅持不懈的努力，對幼兒進行有意識地訓練，處處營造一個說普通話的氛圍，才能使幼兒普通話的聽說能力逐步得到提高。

Source: http://www.starlunwen.net/jiaoyujiaoxue/108861.html